Terms
Reconstruction
林肯的侦察计划. 激进的共和党人 弗里德曼的局 Andrew Johnson Restoration Plan 13th Amendment 1866年的民权法案 Black Codes 流浪者或流浪 |
Convict Leasing
14th Amendment Civil Rights 国会侦察. Plan Military Recon. Act 任期法 Impeachment 15th Amendment Sharecropping Black Churches Wage Earner |
Ku Klux Klan
Ulysses S. Grant Panic of 1873 Rutherford B. Hayes 1877年妥协案 |
Assignments
The Civil War between the North and the South ended in April 1865 after the surrender of the Confederate troops under the command of Robert E. Lee. A week after the end of the Civil War Abraham Lincoln was shot and killed at Ford's Theater. 他的遇刺使美国的计划复杂化.S. 战后的政府和军队.
有两个主要问题需要处理:何种惩罚, if any, 北方应该强迫南方发动内战吗...以及如何处理400万在南方获得自由的前奴隶. This new era, or time, in which the North created a plan to eventually allow the South to become full members of the Union again, was called Reconstruction 它从内战结束一直持续到1876年. |
南北战争后的南方
在长达四年的战争中,南方的大部分地区遭到了破坏. 房地产价格暴跌,没有多少南方人有钱消费. 棉花很不值钱, banks closed, 铁路混乱不堪, 许多南方人无家可归. 士兵们受伤回家,许多人无法工作.
每个前邦联州都必须成立新的州政府, but the federal government was unsure who would be in charge of creating these new governments. Lincoln had thought that it was the duty of the President, while Congress believed it was their job. 以前的奴隶人口的未来是什么? 他们会是完全的公民吗? 他们能投票或担任政治职务吗?
Reconstruction Plans - Lincoln's Plan (before he died) said that 10 percent of a states population had to swear allegiance to the the United States (a promise to be loyal and defend the U.S.). Lincoln's plan for reconstruction was not very harsh and did not really punish the former Confederates or their leaders, 它更像是一个尽快和平回归联邦的计划.
Reconstruction Plans - Lincoln's Plan (before he died) said that 10 percent of a states population had to swear allegiance to the the United States (a promise to be loyal and defend the U.S.). Lincoln's plan for reconstruction was not very harsh and did not really punish the former Confederates or their leaders, 它更像是一个尽快和平回归联邦的计划.
国会中的许多人赞同林肯总统的愿望, 但国会中有相当一部分人不这么认为, 他们想惩罚发动内战的南方. Called 激进的共和党人他们希望非洲裔美国人立即获得完全的公民权. They wanted to replace the former rich white plantation owners who had controlled much of the South before the Civil War, 用更小的农场取代它们. 他们想创建一个组织,叫做 弗里德曼的局, 帮助前奴隶接受教育, work, 以及其他帮助前奴隶成为成功公民所需的帮助. Within five years the 弗里德曼的局 supervised over 4,000 schools for African American children.
|
Andrew Johnson 在亚伯拉罕·林肯遇刺后成为总统. 约翰逊总统最初来自北卡罗来纳州,在贫困中长大, 他从未上过学,13岁时搬到了田纳西州东部. 约翰逊对黑人和南方的看法与林肯截然不同, he was openly racist and had no intention of allowing former slaves to become equals with their white neighbors. 当时国会正在休会, 约翰逊开始了他的重建计划,这是非常宽松的, or easy, on the South. 约翰逊称他的计划为“计划” Restoration Plan. The Restoration plan created a UNION officer as a governor of each former Confederate state. 每个州长都要确保 13th Amendment, 哪个国家正式解放了各地的奴隶, 是在任何州正式加入联邦之前通过的吗. 他的计划还说,只有那些拥有土地的黑人才能投票. 联邦军队被部署在每个州以维持秩序. By December 1865, Johnson declared that his Restoration Plan was complete and that Congress only needed to approve the representatives and senators it had elected to go to Congress (many of whom were former officers in the Confederate Army). The 激进的共和党人 refused to support such a plan and began arguing against Johnson's plan.
|
In March of 1866 激进派共和党人领导的国会通过了 Civil Rights Act,书中说,所有在美国出生的人.S. 正式公民是否有权享有宪法及其法律的所有平等利益. 当然,约翰逊总统否决了这项法案,这激怒了国会. 国会有足够的票数推翻总统的否决. 同时在南方, violent crimes against blacks and Northerners were down south helping with the 弗里德曼的局, 经常被袭击甚至被杀害. 国会指责总统和他的宽容政策造成了暴力事件.
Black Codes -
In 1865 and 1866, 所有白人领导的州政府都开始通过限制性或限制性的法律, 昔日奴隶的权利. 的目的 black codes 在南方保持白人至上主义吗. 黑人准则的例子有:黑人不能投票, 不能担任陪审员, 国家军队, 或者在审判中指证白人. 各州的法律各不相同, in Mississippi, 黑人不能拥有土地, in Alabama, 黑人不能和白人结婚. In many states, blacks had to sign annual labor contracts that kept them bound to work for one person throughout the year, if they didn't, 他们被认为是"vagrant或者没有办法养活自己,这是非法的. 如果黑人在一个城镇或另一个城镇被抓到, the local police might arrest them if they could not provide proof they had signed a labor contract or if they did not have money, 他们说这是流浪的另一个标志. Once locked up, a local mine owner or farmer would go to the jail and pay the "fine" the black person owed for being "vagrant,这让那个人出狱了, 但他们现在必须为保释他们出狱的人工作. 这个系统被称为 convict leasing 只不过是内战后使用的另一种形式的奴隶制.
|
为了保证1866年的民权法案不会被否决, 国会制定并通过了 14th Amendment 宪法保障任何在美国出生或归化的人的公民身份.S. 它还禁止(或防止)一个人的公民权利受到侵犯. Civil Rights are rights provided by law, such as voting, freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and so on.
在1866年的选举中, President Johnson and the Democratic Party suffered several setbacks when 激进的共和党人 were elected in great enough numbers to override any veto the president made on a law, with that, 国会接管了重建工作. In March of 1867, Congress overrode three presidential vetos to create three new important laws were packaged together as part of the 国会重建计划.
1. 军事重建法取消或废除内战后重新成立的所有州政府. 原来的13个前邦联州中有10个被归入 五个军区, 每个都由联邦将军控制. 这一法案使联邦士兵控制了地方政府. It also required that each state had to create a constitution that gave equal rights to all males. Each state constitution had to guarantee the right of African American males to vote and hold state office. 格兰特将军直接控制着南方的军队. 2. 任期法 - This act was passed by Congress to keep the President from firing Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, 谁是总统最直言不讳的批评者. 3. 14th Amendment -定义见上文. |
弹劾总统—— By 1868, Congress was mad enough at the President that they decided that he needed to go. Impeachment is the process that Congress does to charge the president with "high crimes and misdemeanors," which in this case Congress said that since Johnson had ignored the 任期法 and fired Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, anyway, 他违反了国会通过的一项法律,因此可能会被弹劾. 众议院对总统提出弹劾指控, but to be removed from office the Senate must have a trial and then have 2/3 of the Senate vote for impeachment. 1868年2月,参议院投票表决,以一票之差判定总统有罪. While he was not removed from office, he agreed to not oppose the 激进的共和党人 further.
In June of 1868, the 15th Amendment was added to the Constitution by the 激进的共和党人. 第十五修正案 SPECIFICALLY said that states could not deny ANY man the right to vote on the grounds of race, color, or previous condition of servitude (meaning former slaves could not be denied the right to vote). 它只在南方执行,直到重建结束.
南方的问题更多
内战结束后, black churches 成为第一个社会机构(社交聚会的场所), 以前的奴隶可以控制, 它很快成为黑人社区生活的中心. 黑人牧师成为社会和政治领袖, 还有传教士, 这种东西将保留一百多年(Dr. 马丁·路德·金,拉尔夫·阿伯内西,弗农·约翰斯,阿尔·夏普顿,杰西·杰克逊...他们都是部长。. Many black communities were created during this time as a method for whites to keep blacks separated from them, 让黑人在群体中获得更多的安全或保护.
在国会重建时期, blacks mostly joined the Republican Party and as many as 600 blacks were elected to state legislatures in the South. 内战后,大多数以前的奴隶变成了佃农. In sharecropping, 地主提供了土地, seed, 并向同意种植作物并分享收益的农民提供工具. 佃农使佃农欠地主的债, but most blacks preferred the daily independence of sharecropping over someone who was a wage earner或者为别人打工,日薪大部分时间都在监督之下. |
1866年,为了应对激进共和党人对南方的控制 Ku Klux Klan 在田纳西州的普拉斯基成立. 他们有服装和秘密仪式. 起初,它更像是一个政治和社交俱乐部, 但很快三k党就变得非常暴力, 不仅仅是针对北方”carpetbaggers," or people from the North that came South and made money or took positions of power (they carried bags made of carpet), but it also began to include blacks when they received more rights under Radical Reconstruction.
授权管理
Ulysses S. Grant 1868年被共和党选为美国总统. 格兰特是一位久经考验的军事领袖,但在政治上却不那么出色. Grant proved to be pretty much a follower of Congress and usually did not go against them. 格兰特最大的错误之一就是他相信人们会做正确的事, 在两届总统任期内,他的七个内阁职位变动了24次. 他们中的大多数人在任职期间因为做了坏事或违法的事情而被解雇.
1873年,在他执政期间,出现了金融恐慌或崩溃. Railroad companies that were building at crazy speeds borrowed too much money and could not pay it back, 导致大银行破产的原因是什么. The Panic of 1873 引发了严重的经济萧条. 成千上万的企业倒闭,数百万人失业. 这个国家花了数年时间才摆脱经济衰退. |
Election of 1877 - Rutherford B. Hayes他曾三次担任俄亥俄州州长,并为共和党人竞选总统. The Democrats ran Samuel Tilden, a wealthy corporate lawyer and reform governor from New York. 由于两个政党在最后几个州的计票中作弊, 选举结果被确定为平局. In the end, team Tilden and the Democrats agreed to bow out and let the Republicans have the election, 如果共和党人结束南方的重建. Team Hayes agreed and in 1877 Reconstruction ended and Hayes became president, this was known as the 1877年妥协案.